In the 18th century, European merchants and colonists began to refer to the followers of Indian religions collectively as Hindus, in contrast to Mohamedans for groups such as Turks, Mughals and Arabs, who were adherents of Islam. The Christian friar Sebastiao Manrique used the term 'Hindu' in a religious context in 1649. The 14th- and 18th-century Indian poets such as Vidyapati, Kabir, Tulsidas and Eknath used the phrase Hindu dharma (Hinduism) and contrasted it with Turaka dharma ( Islam). A sense of Hindu identity and the term Hindu appears in some texts dated between the 13th and 18th century in Sanskrit and Bengali. Competing theories state that Hindu identity developed in the British colonial era, or that it may have developed post-8th century CE after the Muslim invasions and medieval Hindu–Muslim wars.
The historical development of Hindu self-identity within the local Indian population, in a religious or cultural sense, is unclear. Hindoo is an archaic spelling variant, whose use today is considered derogatory. By the 16th century CE, the term began to refer to residents of the subcontinent who were not Turkic or Muslims. The term " Hindu" also implied a geographic, ethnic or cultural identifier for people living in the Indian subcontinent around or beyond the Sindhu (Indus) River. The Greek cognates of the same terms are " Indus" (for the river) and " India" (for the land of the river). The term "Hindu" traces back to Old Persian which derived these names from the Sanskrit name Sindhu (सिन्धु ), referring to the river Indus. Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for people living in the Indian subcontinent. Hindus ( Hindustani: ( listen) / ˈ h ɪ n d uː z/) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism. Dhurandhar of Hindu devotees in satsanga and listening to the pravachana of the Puranasġ.2–1.35 billion worldwide (2022) ġ3,130,102-20,149,351
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